आजादी का अमृत महोत्सव: इसरो ‘स्पेस ऑन व्हील्स’ इतिहास भारतीय अंतरिक्ष कार्यक्रम के तहत 75 उपग्रहों को किया लांच

आजादी का अमृत महोत्सव समारोह के हिस्से के रूप में 75 भारतीय उपग्रहों पर एक प्रदर्शनी को चित्रित करता है। आजादी का अमृत महोत्सव भारत की आजादी के 75 साल मनाने और मनाने के लिए भारत सरकार की एक पहल है।

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नई दिल्ली/जीजेडी न्यूज: भारतीय अंतरिक्ष अनुसंधान संगठन (इसरो) ने हाल ही में “स्पेस ऑन व्हील्स” नामक एक वृत्तचित्र साझा किया, जो आजादी का अमृत महोत्सव समारोह के हिस्से के रूप में 75 भारतीय उपग्रहों पर एक प्रदर्शनी को चित्रित करता है। आजादी का अमृत महोत्सव भारत की आजादी के 75 साल मनाने और मनाने के लिए भारत सरकार की एक पहल है।

इसरो का इतिहास
भारत में अंतरिक्ष अनुसंधान गतिविधियों की शुरुआत 1960 के दशक की शुरुआत में हुई थी। अमेरिकी उपग्रह ‘सिंकॉम-3’ ने संचार उपग्रहों की शक्ति का प्रदर्शन करते हुए 1964 के टोक्यो ओलंपिक का सीधा प्रसारण किया। इसे देखकर भारतीय अंतरिक्ष कार्यक्रम के जनक डॉ विक्रम साराभाई ने भारत के लिए अंतरिक्ष प्रौद्योगिकियों के लाभों को पहचाना। डॉ साराभाई ने कल्पना की थी कि अंतरिक्ष में संसाधनों में समाज की वास्तविक समस्याओं का समाधान करने की क्षमता है।

1962 में, अंतरिक्ष अनुसंधान गतिविधियों का नेतृत्व करने के लिए, परमाणु ऊर्जा विभाग के तहत अंतरिक्ष अनुसंधान के लिए भारतीय राष्ट्रीय समिति (INCOSPAR) की स्थापना की गई थी। अगस्त 1969 में, INCOSPAR के स्थान पर भारतीय अंतरिक्ष अनुसंधान संगठन की स्थापना की गई थी।

भारतीय अंतरिक्ष कार्यक्रम के शुरुआती चरणों में, केरल के तिरुवनंतपुरम में मछली पकड़ने के गांव थुंबा में सेंट मैरी मैग्डलीन चर्च, वैज्ञानिकों के लिए मुख्य कार्यालय के रूप में कार्य करता था।

भारतीय अंतरिक्ष कार्यक्रम में तीन अलग-अलग तत्व थे – संचार और सुदूर संवेदन के लिए उपग्रह, अंतरिक्ष परिवहन प्रणाली और अनुप्रयोग कार्यक्रम। भारतीय उपग्रह कार्यक्रम की शुरुआत 19 अप्रैल, 1975 को भारत के पहले प्रायोगिक उपग्रह आर्यभट्ट के प्रक्षेपण के साथ हुई थी। सोवियत लॉन्चर का उपयोग करके लॉन्च किया गया, आर्यभट्ट को कम-पृथ्वी की कक्षा में रखा गया था। उपग्रह को बहुत उच्च आवृत्ति (वीएचएफ) रेंज में ग्राउंड स्टेशनों के साथ संचार किया जाता है।

भारतीय अंतरिक्ष कार्यक्रम की स्थापना के बाद से, इसरो ने संचार, मौसम विज्ञान, पृथ्वी अवलोकन, अंतरिक्ष विज्ञान और नेविगेशन जैसे विभिन्न प्रकार के अनुप्रयोगों के लिए उपग्रहों को डिजाइन और विकसित किया है।

रोहिणी सीरीज

वीडियो में, कथाकार रोहिणी श्रृंखला के उपग्रहों के बारे में बात करता है, जो प्रक्षेपण यान निगरानी उपकरणों को ले जाते थे। रोहिणी सैटेलाइट RS-1 एक 35 किलोग्राम का उपग्रह था जिसे 16 वाट की पावर हैंडलिंग क्षमता के साथ डिजाइन किया गया था। सैटेलाइट लॉन्च व्हीकल -3 (SLV-3) पर लॉन्च किया गया, जो भारत का पहला प्रायोगिक उपग्रह लॉन्च वाहन है, RS-1 उपग्रह में डिजिटल सन सेंसर, एक मैग्नेटोमीटर और तापमान सेंसर लगे हैं। RS-1 SLV-3 द्वारा लॉन्च किया जाने वाला भारत का पहला उपग्रह बन गया।

सैटेलाइट इंस्ट्रक्शनल टेलीविज़न एक्सपेरिमेंट (SITE)

1975-1976 के दौरान भारतीय अंतरिक्ष कार्यक्रम के तहत सैटेलाइट इंस्ट्रक्शनल टेलीविज़न एक्सपेरिमेंट (SITE) नामक एक प्रयोग किया गया था। SITE ने छह राज्यों के 2,400 गांवों को कवर करते हुए लगभग 200,000 लोगों को लाभान्वित किया और अमेरिकी प्रौद्योगिकी उपग्रह (ATS-6) का उपयोग करके विकास उन्मुख कार्यक्रमों को प्रसारित किया। इस प्रयोग के माध्यम से एक वर्ष में प्राथमिक विद्यालयों के 50,000 विज्ञान शिक्षकों को प्रशिक्षित किया गया।

एप्पल 

प्रयोग से सीखे गए सबक के आधार पर, भारतीय अंतरिक्ष एजेंसी ने अपना पहला समर्पित संचार उपग्रह, एरियन पैसेंजर पेलोड एक्सपेरिमेंट (APPLE) लॉन्च किया।

यह एक प्रायोगिक उपग्रह था जिसे एरियन-1 द्वारा 19 जून, 1981 को कौरो, फ्रेंच गयाना से सफलतापूर्वक प्रक्षेपित किया गया था।

एपल पहला उपग्रह था जिसे भूस्थिर कक्षा में रखा गया था, और इसरो द्वारा निर्मित पहला तीन-अक्ष स्थिर उपग्रह भी था। तीन-अक्ष स्थिरीकरण उपग्रहों को उन्मुख करने के लिए उपयोग की जाने वाली एक विधि है। तीन-अक्ष स्थिर उपग्रहों में छोटे घूमने वाले पहिये होते हैं, जिन्हें प्रतिक्रिया पहिए या गति चक्र कहा जाता है, जो उपग्रह को पृथ्वी और सूर्य के संबंध में वांछित अभिविन्यास में रखने के लिए घूमते हैं। यदि उपग्रह सेंसरों को पता चलता है कि उपग्रह उचित अभिविन्यास से दूर जा रहा है, तो कताई के पहिये तेज या धीमा हो जाते हैं।

ऐप्पल भविष्य के संचार उपग्रह प्रणालियों के लिए अग्रदूत बन गया।

इन्सैट और जीसैट सीरीज

भारतीय राष्ट्रीय उपग्रह (इनसैट) प्रणाली की स्थापना 1983 में इन्सैट-बी के चालू होने के साथ की गई थी। इन्सैट श्रृंखला ने भारत के संचार क्षेत्र में एक बड़ी क्रांति की शुरुआत की। इन्सैट प्रणाली के बाद जीसैट श्रृंखला का अनुसरण किया गया।

इनसैट और जीसैट दोनों ने बहुउद्देशीय भूस्थिर उपग्रह प्रणालियों के रूप में काम किया है जो उच्च शक्ति टेलीविजन प्रसारण और दूरसंचार, मोबाइल उपग्रह सेवाओं और डायरेक्ट-टू-होम सेवाओं के लिए एस-बैंड, केयू-बैंड और के-बैंड ट्रांसपोंडर प्रदान करते हैं, कथावाचक ने समझाया।

S बैंड की फ़्रीक्वेंसी रेंज दो से चार गीगाहर्ट्ज़ है। कू-बैंड की रेंज 12 से 18 गीगाहर्ट्ज़ तक होती है। के-बैंड की फ्रीक्वेंसी रेंज 27 से 40 गीगाहर्ट्ज़ है।

इन्सैट और जीसैट उपग्रह श्रृंखला भी खोज और बचाव कार्यों के दौरान मददगार साबित हुई है।

इनसैट -2 ए

INSAT-2A इसरो द्वारा निर्मित पहला बहुउद्देशीय उपग्रह है। इसे अगस्त 1992 में सफलतापूर्वक परिचालित किया गया था।

उपग्रह ने भारत में टेलीफोनी और टेलीविजन अनुप्रयोगों को बढ़ावा दिया, और दूरसंचार क्षेत्र में काफी बदलाव किया। इन्सैट-2ए ने मौसम विज्ञान सेवाएं भी प्रदान की, और खोज और बचाव कार्यों में सहायता की।

इनसैट 2C

केयू-बैंड पेलोड ले जाने वाला यह पहला उपग्रह है। इसे 7 दिसंबर 1995 को लॉन्च किया गया था।

इनसैट 2 ई

इन्सैट-2ई ने पहली बार चार्ज-कपल्ड डिवाइस (सीसीडी) ट्रांसपोंडर को चिह्नित किया और एक उपग्रह में जल वाष्प चैनल पेश किए गए। एक सीसीडी एक प्रकाश-संवेदनशील एकीकृत सर्किट है जो फोटोन को इलेक्ट्रॉनों में परिवर्तित करके छवियों को कैप्चर करता है।

3 अप्रैल 1999 को लॉन्च किया गया, इन्सैट-2ई, इन्सैट-2 श्रृंखला के उपग्रहों में से अंतिम था, और दूरसंचार, टेलीविजन प्रसारण और मौसम संबंधी सेवाओं के लिए एक बहुउद्देशीय उपग्रह था। उपग्रह ने भारत के बाहर बीम कवरेज बढ़ाया।

इनसैट -3 बी

इन्सैट-3बी उपग्रह को 22 मार्च 2000 को फ्रेंच गुयाना से एरियन-5 रॉकेट के ऊपर प्रक्षेपित किया गया था। उपग्रह इन्सैट-3 श्रृंखला के तहत निर्मित पांच इसरो उपग्रहों में से पहला है। इन्सैट-3बी मुख्य रूप से व्यापार, मोबाइल और विकासात्मक संचार के उद्देश्यों की पूर्ति करता है।

जीएसएटी -1

GSAT-1 उपग्रह को 18 अप्रैल 2001 को जियोसिंक्रोनस सैटेलाइट लॉन्च व्हीकल-D1 द्वारा लॉन्च किया गया था। यह जीएसएलवी का उपयोग करके प्रक्षेपित किया जाने वाला पहला भूस्थिर उपग्रह था।

उपग्रह में तीन सी-बैंड ट्रांसपोंडर और एक एस-बैंड ट्रांसपोंडर थे। सी-बैंड चार से आठ गीगाहर्ट्ज़ की आवृत्ति रेंज में उपग्रह प्रसारण के लिए आवंटित विद्युत चुम्बकीय स्पेक्ट्रम का हिस्सा है।

इसरो के अनुसार, GSAT-1 का उपयोग डिजिटल ऑडियो प्रसारण जैसे संचार प्रयोगों के संचालन के लिए किया जाता है। इसे विशेष रूप से जीएसएलवी के पहले मिशन के लिए पेलोड के रूप में डिजाइन किया गया था।

इन्सैट-3ए

10 अप्रैल 2003 को प्रमोचित इन्सैट-3ए इन्सैट-3 श्रृंखला का तीसरा उपग्रह था। यह एक बहुउद्देश्यीय उपग्रह था जो दूरसंचार, टेलीविजन प्रसारण जैसी सेवाएं प्रदान करता था, और मेट्रोलॉजिकल गतिविधियों और खोज और बचाव कार्यों में सहायता करता था। इसकी 12 साल की मिशन लाइफ थी।

इन्सैट-3ए के तीन बैंड में उपग्रह थे: सी बैंड, विस्तारित सी बैंड और केयू बैंड। 3.4 से 3.7 गीगाहर्ट्ज़ (स्पेस-टू-अर्थ) और 6.425 से 6.725 गीगाहर्ट्ज़ (अर्थ-टू-स्पेस) के बैंड को विस्तारित सी बैंड के रूप में जाना जाता है।

जीएसएटी -2

उपग्रह को 8 मई, 2003 को सतीश धवन अंतरिक्ष केंद्र, श्रीहरिकोटा, भारत से लॉन्च किया गया था। इसने चार वैज्ञानिक प्रायोगिक पेलोड – टोटल रेडिएशन डोज़ मॉनिटर (TRDM), सरफेस चार्ज मॉनिटर (SCM), सोलर एक्स-रे स्पेक्ट्रोमीटर (SOXS), और कोहेरेंट रेडियो बीकन एक्सपेरिमेंट (CRABEX) को ले लिया, जिसका उपयोग भूमध्यरेखीय आयनोस्फेरिक प्रक्रियाओं की जांच के लिए किया गया था।

जीसैट-2 जीएसएलवी का उपयोग करके प्रक्षेपित किया जाने वाला दूसरा उपग्रह था।

इनसैट 3E

इन्सैट-3 श्रृंखला में लॉन्च किया गया यह चौथा उपग्रह है। इन्सैट-3ई को इन्सैट प्रणाली द्वारा प्रदान की जाने वाली संचार सेवाओं को और बढ़ाने के लिए एक विशेष संचार उपग्रह के रूप में 28 सितंबर, 2003 को प्रमोचित किया गया था।

एडुसैट

EDUSAT, या GSAT-3, शिक्षा के क्षेत्र में समर्पित अनुप्रयोग वाला पहला भूस्थिर उपग्रह है। इसने दूरस्थ शिक्षा और टेली-एजुकेशन की शुरुआत करके कई सरकारी स्कूलों में काफी सुधार किया। सतीश धवन अंतरिक्ष केंद्र से जीएसएलवी-एफ01 के ऊपर 20 सितंबर 2004 को “शैक्षिक उपग्रह” लॉन्च किया गया था।

हम्सट

HAMSAT को 5 मई, 2005 को लॉन्च वाहन PSLV-C6 का उपयोग करते हुए, शौकिया रेडियो ऑपरेटरों (HAM) के राष्ट्रीय और अंतर्राष्ट्रीय समुदाय को उपग्रह-आधारित शौकिया रेडियो सेवाएं प्रदान करने के लिए एक माइक्रो-उपग्रह के रूप में लॉन्च किया गया था। ये ऐसे व्यक्ति हैं जो आम तौर पर अन्य समान व्यक्तियों के साथ दो-तरफा व्यक्तिगत संचार में संलग्न होने के लिए शौकिया रेडियो स्टेशन पर उपकरण का उपयोग करते हैं।

इनसैट 4 ए

22 दिसंबर, 2005 को लॉन्च किया गया, इन्सैट -4 ए भारत में डीटीएच ट्रांसमिशन शुरू करने वाला पहला भारतीय उपग्रह था।

जीसैट-8

यह 21 मई, 2011 को लॉन्च किया गया था, और जीपीएस एडेड जियो ऑगमेंटेड नेविगेशन (गगन) पेलोड ले जाने वाला पहला उपग्रह है, जो मुख्य रूप से विमानन के लिए है। यह विमानन से परे भी लाभ प्रदान करता है जैसे कि बुद्धिमान परिवहन, समुद्री राजमार्ग, रेलवे, सर्वेक्षण, सुरक्षा एजेंसियां, और दूरसंचार, अन्य।

जीसैट-12

यह पीएसएलवी द्वारा प्रक्षेपित पहला संचार भूस्थिर उपग्रह था।

जीसैट-6

उपग्रह को 27 अगस्त, 2015 को लॉन्च किया गया था। यह एस बैंड में स्पॉट बीम वाला पहला भारतीय उपग्रह है जिसमें एक अनफुरेबल एंटीना है, जो एक एंटीना है जिसे एक बड़ा एंटीना बनाने के लिए अंतरिक्ष में खोला जा सकता है। स्पॉट बीम एक उपग्रह संकेत है जो विशेष रूप से शक्ति में केंद्रित है ताकि यह केवल एक सीमित भौगोलिक क्षेत्र को कवर कर सके।

जीसैट-15

11 नवंबर 2015 को प्रमोचित जीसैट-15 एक उच्च शक्ति वाला उपग्रह है।

जीसैट-18

6 अक्टूबर 2016 को लॉन्च किया गया, जीसैट-18 ने सामान्य सी बैंड, अपर एक्सटेंडेड सी बैंड और केयू बैंड में सेवाएं प्रदान करने के लिए 48 संचार ट्रांसपोंडर ले लिए।

जीसैट-19

इसे 5 जून, 2017 को लॉन्च किया गया था और इसे “दक्षिण एशियाई उपग्रह” के रूप में नामित किया गया था क्योंकि इसका उपयोग दक्षिण एशियाई देशों द्वारा किया गया था।

भारतीय अंतरिक्ष एजेंसी के पास दुनिया के सबसे जीवंत सुदूर संवेदन कार्यक्रमों में से एक है।

जीसैट-11

GSAT-11 एक उच्च-थ्रूपुट उपग्रह (HTS) है, एक संचार उपग्रह जो पारंपरिक संचार उपग्रहों की तुलना में अधिक थ्रूपुट प्रदान करता है, जिसे निश्चित उपग्रह सेवा कहा जाता है। थ्रूपुट इस बात का माप है कि एक सिस्टम किसी दिए गए समय में सूचना की कितनी इकाइयाँ संसाधित कर सकता है। उच्च थ्रूपुट का मतलब है कि कक्षीय स्पेक्ट्रम की समान मात्रा का उपयोग करते समय क्षमता में उल्लेखनीय वृद्धि होती है, जो कि रेडियो स्पेक्ट्रम का एक खंड है जो उपग्रहों को कक्षा में रखे जाने पर उपलब्ध हो जाता है।

GSAT-11 उपयोगकर्ताओं को मल्टी-बीम कवरेज और उत्कृष्ट ब्रॉडबैंड सेवाएं प्रदान करता है। यह इसरो द्वारा बनाया गया सबसे भारी उपग्रह है, और इसे 5 दिसंबर, 2018 को एरियन-5 वीए-246 रॉकेट के ऊपर फ्रेंच गुयाना के कौरौ लॉन्च बेस से लॉन्च किया गया था।

जीसैट-30

भारतीय दूरसंचार उपग्रह GSAT-30 को 17 जनवरी, 2020 को फ्रेंच गुयाना के कौरौ लॉन्च बेस से एरियन-5 VA-251 रॉकेट के ऊपर एक जियोसिंक्रोनस ट्रांसफर ऑर्बिट (GTO) में सफलतापूर्वक लॉन्च किया गया था। भू-समकालिक पृथ्वी की कक्षाओं को प्राप्त करने के लिए, एक अंतरिक्ष यान को पहले एक अण्डाकार कक्षा में लॉन्च किया जाता है जिसे जियोसिंक्रोनस ट्रांसफर ऑर्बिट कहा जाता है।

इसरो के अनुसार, GSAT-30 ने INSAT-4A द्वारा प्रदान की गई अंतरिक्ष यान सेवाओं को बढ़ाया कवरेज के साथ बदल दिया। जीसैट-30 भारतीय मुख्य भूमि और केयू-बैंड में द्वीपों और खाड़ी देशों में, बड़ी संख्या में एशियाई देशों और ऑस्ट्रेलिया में सी-बैंड में विस्तारित कवरेज प्रदान करता है।

भास्कर-1

भास्कर -1 इसरो द्वारा लॉन्च किया गया पहला ऑपरेशनल रिमोट सेंसिंग उपग्रह था। इसमें एक किलोमीटर-रिज़ॉल्यूशन वाला एक टेलीविज़न कैमरा और एक सैटेलाइट माइक्रोवेव रेडियोमीटर (SAMIR) था, जिसका उपयोग मौसम की भविष्यवाणी और जलवायु निगरानी जैसे पर्यावरणीय अनुप्रयोगों में किया गया था। समीर ने वैश्विक स्तर पर जल वाष्प और तरल जल सामग्री पर डेटा प्रदान किया। इसका रिजॉल्यूशन 150 से 200 किलोमीटर था।

उपग्रह को 7 जून 1979 को लॉन्च किया गया था।

आईआरएस-1ए

IRS-1A, स्वदेशी अत्याधुनिक सुदूर संवेदन उपग्रहों की श्रृंखला में से पहला, 17 मार्च, 1998 को लॉन्च किया गया था।

आईआरएस-1ए के लॉन्च के साथ, इसरो ने लीनियर इमेजिंग सेल्फ स्कैनिंग सेंसर (एलआईएसएस), वाइड फील्ड सेंसर (वाईएफएस), एडवांस्ड वाइड फील्ड सेंसर (एडब्ल्यूआईएफएस), और पंचक्रोमैटिक (पैन) अर्थ ऑब्जर्वेशन इमेजिंग सेंसर का संचालन किया।

रिसोर्ससैट सीरीज

श्रृंखला कृषि, वानिकी, भूमि मानचित्रण, शहरी नियोजन, आपदा प्रबंधन, आदि में अनुप्रयोगों के लिए उपयोगी डेटा प्रदान कर रही है।

कार्टोसैट श्रृंखला

कार्टोसैट श्रृंखला ने सुदूर संवेदन और भौगोलिक सूचना प्रणाली (जीआईएस) अनुप्रयोगों में महत्वपूर्ण रूप से मदद की।

इसरो के अनुसार, 10 जनवरी, 2007 को कार्टोसैट-2 के प्रक्षेपण के साथ बहुत उच्च-रिज़ॉल्यूशन ऑप्टिकल इमेजिंग का युग शुरू हुआ।

कल्पना -1

कल्पना -1 इसरो द्वारा निर्मित विशेष मौसम विज्ञान उपग्रहों की श्रृंखला में पहला है। इसे 12 सितंबर 2002 को लॉन्च किया गया था।

यह दो पेलोड ले गया: बहुत उच्च रिज़ॉल्यूशन रेडियोमीटर (वीएचआरआर) और डेटा रिले ट्रांसपोंडर (डीआरटी)।

VHRR को वायुमंडलीय क्लाउड कवर, जल वाष्प और तापमान डेटा प्राप्त करने के लिए डिज़ाइन किया गया था।

ओशनसैट -1

ओशनसैट-1 ने इसरो के लिए समुद्र संबंधी अनुप्रयोगों के लिए अंतरिक्ष-आधारित प्रेक्षणों की शुरुआत को चिह्नित किया। इसे 26 मई 1999 को लॉन्च किया गया था।

ओशनसैट -1 में आठ-चैनल वाला ओशन कलर मॉनिटर (OCM) और एक मल्टी-फ़्रीक्वेंसी स्कैनिंग माइक्रोवेव रेडियोमीटर (MSMR) था।

ओशनसैट -1 के बाद ओशनसैट -2 था, जिसने मौसम पूर्वानुमान, और चक्रवात ट्रैकिंग और भविष्यवाणी के लिए महत्वपूर्ण इनपुट प्रदान किए।

SCATSAT -1

स्कैटसैट-1, उपयोगकर्ताओं को मौसम की भविष्यवाणी, चक्रवात का पता लगाने और ट्रैकिंग सेवाओं के लिए डेटा प्रदान करने के लिए ओशनसैट-2 स्कैटरोमीटर के लिए एक निरंतरता मिशन है। स्कैटरोमीटर समुद्र की खुरदरापन से हवा की दिशा और गति प्राप्त करने के लिए सक्रिय रिमोट सेंसिंग उपकरण हैं।

रीसैट -1

रडार सैटेलाइट-1 (RISAT-1) एक माइक्रोवेव रिमोट सेंसिंग सैटेलाइट था जो सिंथेटिक अपर्चर रडार (SAR) पेलोड ले जा रहा था। उपग्रह को 26 अप्रैल, 2012 को लॉन्च किया गया था।

एसएआर सी-बैंड में संचालित होता है, जो सभी मौसमों में दिन और रात दोनों के दौरान सतह की विशेषताओं की इमेजिंग को सक्षम बनाता है।

इसने कृषि में अनुप्रयोगों, विशेष रूप से खरीफ मौसम में धान की निगरानी और बाढ़ और चक्रवात जैसी प्राकृतिक आपदाओं के प्रबंधन की सुविधा प्रदान की।

ईओएस-04

अर्थ ऑब्जर्वेशन सैटेलाइट (EOS)-04 एक रडार इमेजिंग सैटेलाइट है जिसे सभी मौसम की परिस्थितियों में उच्च गुणवत्ता वाली छवियां प्रदान करने और कृषि, वानिकी, वृक्षारोपण, मिट्टी की नमी, जल विज्ञान और बाढ़ मानचित्रण जैसे अनुप्रयोगों की सुविधा के लिए डिज़ाइन किया गया है। इसे 14 फरवरी, 2022 को लॉन्च किया गया था।

डीएफएसएआर

एक कॉम्पैक्ट, लाइट-वेट ड्यूल फ़्रीक्वेंसी सिंथेटिक अपर्चर राडार (DFSAR) को 2019 में चंद्रयान -2 पर पूर्ण पोलारिमेट्रिक क्षमता के साथ उड़ाया गया था। पोलारिमेट्री समतल ध्रुवीकृत प्रकाश के घूर्णन कोण की माप है। यह प्रकाश की किरण है जिसमें विद्युत चुम्बकीय तरंगों के कंपन एक तल तक सीमित होते हैं।

कथावाचक ने कहा कि सुदूर संवेदन उपग्रहों से प्राप्त डेटा का उपयोग कार्टोग्राफी, समुद्र विज्ञान (नक्शे खींचने की प्रक्रिया), भूमि उपयोग और जलवायु अध्ययन के लिए किया जाता है।

मेघा-ट्रापिक्स

मेघा-ट्रॉपिक्स उष्णकटिबंधीय में जल चक्र और ऊर्जा विनिमय का अध्ययन करने के लिए 12 अक्टूबर, 2011 को लॉन्च किया गया एक इंडो-फ़्रेंच संयुक्त उपग्रह है। मिशन का मुख्य उद्देश्य संवहनी प्रणालियों के जीवन चक्र को समझना था जो उष्णकटिबंधीय मौसम और जलवायु को प्रभावित करते हैं।

इसने उष्णकटिबंधीय वातावरण में जल चक्र के योगदान पर वैज्ञानिक डेटा प्रदान किया, जिसमें बादलों में संघनित पानी, वातावरण में जल वाष्प, वर्षा और वाष्पीकरण की जानकारी शामिल है। यह जलवायु अनुसंधान के लिए एक अनूठा उपग्रह था।

अप्रैल 2022 में, ISRO ने कुछ तकनीकी मुद्दों के कारण मेघा-ट्रॉपिक्स के लिए मिशन को समाप्त करने की घोषणा की।

SCATSAT -1

स्कैटसैट-1 ने स्कैटरोमीटर-2 पेलोड को वहन किया और समुद्र के ऊपर हवा के वेग को मापने में मदद की। इसे 26 सितंबर 2016 को लॉन्च किया गया था।

हिसिस

HysIS को 29 नवंबर, 2018 को लॉन्च किया गया था। इसका प्राथमिक लक्ष्य विद्युत चुम्बकीय स्पेक्ट्रम के दृश्यमान, निकट-अवरक्त और शॉर्टवेव अवरक्त क्षेत्रों में पृथ्वी की सतह का अध्ययन करना है।

HysIS द्वारा उपलब्ध कराए गए डेटा का उपयोग कृषि और वानिकी सहित कई तरह के अनुप्रयोगों में किया जाता है।

भारतीय क्षेत्रीय नेविगेशन सैटेलाइट सिस्टम (IRNSS): NavIC

आईआरएनएसएस एक स्वतंत्र क्षेत्रीय नेविगेशन उपग्रह प्रणाली है जो देश के साथ-साथ इसकी सीमा से 1500 किलोमीटर तक के क्षेत्र में उपयोगकर्ताओं को सटीक वास्तविक समय स्थिति और समय सेवाएं प्रदान करती है। NavIC भारतीय नक्षत्र के साथ नेविगेशन का संक्षिप्त नाम है।

इसरो के अनुसार, आईआरएनएसएस दो प्रकार की सेवाएं प्रदान करता है, अर्थात् मानक स्थिति सेवा (एसपीएस), जो सभी उपयोगकर्ताओं को प्रदान की जाती है, और प्रतिबंधित सेवा (आरएस), जो केवल अधिकृत उपयोगकर्ताओं को प्रदान की जाने वाली एक एन्क्रिप्टेड सेवा है।

वर्तमान में, भारतीय नक्षत्र का विस्तार 11 उपग्रहों तक किया जा रहा है।

अंतरिक्ष पुनर्प्राप्ति प्रयोग उपग्रह (एसआरई)

मानव अंतरिक्ष यान मिशन की तैयारी की दिशा में यह पहला कदम था। SRE-1 एक भारतीय प्रायोगिक अंतरिक्ष यान था जिसे 10 जनवरी, 2007 को श्रीहरिकोटा से प्रक्षेपित किया गया था।

इसरो नैनो उपग्रह (आईएनएस)

22 जून 2016 को, इसरो ने पीएसएलवी-सी34 मिशन के दौरान भारतीय विश्वविद्यालयों के लिए 14 और संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका के लिए 12 नैनो उपग्रहों का प्रक्षेपण किया।

15 फरवरी, 2017 को, भारतीय अंतरिक्ष एजेंसी ने PSLV-C37 मिशन के दौरान 103 नैनो उपग्रहों को लॉन्च किया।

एसआरओएसएस-सी

स्ट्रेच्ड रोहिणी सैटेलाइट सीरीज़ (SROSS) इसरो द्वारा विकसित उपग्रहों की एक श्रृंखला है, जो खगोल भौतिकी, पृथ्वी रिमोट सेंसिंग और ऊपरी वायुमंडलीय निगरानी प्रयोगों के संचालन के लिए रोहिणी श्रृंखला के अनुवर्ती हैं, और संवर्धित उपग्रह प्रक्षेपण की विकासात्मक उड़ानों के पेलोड थे। वाहन (एएसएलवी)।

आईएमएस-1

IMS-1 इसरो का एक कम लागत वाला माइक्रोसेटेलाइट इमेजिंग मिशन था। यह शैक्षणिक संस्थानों, अनुसंधान संगठनों और सरकारी एजेंसियों को रिमोट सेंसिंग डेटा तक आसान पहुंच प्रदान करने के लिए लॉन्च किया गया पहला माइक्रोसेटेलाइट था।

चंद्रयान-1

चंद्रयान-1, चंद्रमा के लिए भारत का पहला मिशन, 22 अक्टूबर 2008 को सतीश धवन अंतरिक्ष केंद्र, श्रीहरिकोटा से सफलतापूर्वक लॉन्च किया गया था। अंतरिक्ष यान ने पृथ्वी के उपग्रह के रासायनिक, खनिज और फोटो-भूगर्भिक मानचित्रण के लिए चंद्रमा की सतह से 100 किलोमीटर की ऊंचाई पर चंद्रमा की परिक्रमा की।

सरल

सरल को 25 फरवरी, 2013 को समुद्र विज्ञान संबंधी अध्ययन के लिए लॉन्च किया गया था।

यह पेरिस स्थित नेशनल सेंटर फॉर स्पेस स्टडीज (सीएनईएस) द्वारा निर्मित दो पेलोड ले गया, जिसका नाम ALTIKA और AGROS है।

अनुप्रयोगों में समुद्री मौसम विज्ञान, समुद्री राज्य पूर्वानुमान, परिचालन समुद्र विज्ञान, मौसमी पूर्वानुमान, जलवायु निगरानी और जलवायु अनुसंधान शामिल थे।

मार्स ऑर्बिटर मिशन (MOM)

मार्स ऑर्बिटर मिशन (MOM) भारत का पहला इंटरप्लेनेटरी मिशन है। मंगलयान के रूप में भी जाना जाता है, अंतरिक्ष जांच 5 नवंबर, 2013 को शुरू की गई थी।

मंगलयान 24 सितंबर, 2014 से मंगल की परिक्रमा कर रहा है। मिशन ने भारत को मंगल की कक्षा में पहुंचने वाला पहला एशियाई देश और अपने पहले प्रयास में ऐसा करने वाला दुनिया का पहला देश बना दिया।

मंगलयान ने लाल ग्रह की भौतिक विशेषताओं का अवलोकन किया। मिशन का प्राथमिक उद्देश्य इंटरप्लेनेटरी मिशन के संचालन के डिजाइन और योजना बनाने के लिए आवश्यक प्रौद्योगिकियों का विकास करना है।

एस्ट्रोसैट

एस्ट्रोसैट पहला भारतीय उपग्रह है जो पूरी तरह से खगोल विज्ञान के अध्ययन के लिए समर्पित है। यह भारत का अंतरिक्ष दूरबीन है, और इसे 28 सितंबर, 2015 को लॉन्च किया गया था। यह भारत का पहला अंतरिक्ष वेधशाला मिशन है।

इसके वैज्ञानिक उद्देश्यों में न्यूट्रॉन सितारों और ब्लैक होल युक्त बाइनरी स्टार सिस्टम में उच्च ऊर्जा प्रक्रियाओं को समझना, न्यूट्रॉन सितारों के चुंबकीय क्षेत्र का अनुमान लगाना, स्टार जन्म क्षेत्रों का अध्ययन करना और आकाशगंगा से परे स्थित स्टार सिस्टम में उच्च ऊर्जा प्रक्रियाओं को समझना, नए एक्स-रे स्रोतों का पता लगाना शामिल है। आकाश में, और पराबैंगनी क्षेत्र में ब्रह्मांड का सीमित गहरा क्षेत्र सर्वेक्षण करना।

चंद्रयान-2

चंद्रयान-2 इसरो द्वारा विकसित दूसरा चंद्र अन्वेषण मिशन है। अंतरिक्ष यान में एक चंद्र ऑर्बिटर, विक्रम लैंडर और प्रज्ञान चंद्र रोवर शामिल थे।

हालाँकि, 6 सितंबर, 2019 को चंद्रमा पर उतरने का प्रयास करते समय लैंडर अपने इच्छित प्रक्षेपवक्र से विचलित होने पर दुर्घटनाग्रस्त हो गया।

इसरो ने पिछले पांच दशकों में 100 से अधिक उपग्रह जारी किए हैं। इनमें से लगभग 50 उपग्रह राष्ट्र को बहुमूल्य सेवाएं प्रदान कर रहे हैं।

इसरो भविष्य मिशन

इसरो भविष्य के उपग्रह मिशन जैसे आदित्य एल -1, चंद्रयान -3 मिशन, गगनयान मिशन, वीनस ऑर्बिटर मिशन और निसार मिशन पर काम कर रहा है।

आदित्य एल-1 सौर वातावरण का अध्ययन करने के लिए एक नियोजित कोरोनोग्राफी अंतरिक्ष यान है। चंद्रयान -3 इसरो द्वारा नियोजित तीसरा चंद्र अन्वेषण मिशन है, और चंद्रयान -2 का मिशन रिपीट होगा। हालांकि, इसमें ऑर्बिटर नहीं होगा।

गगनयान कार्यक्रम का उद्देश्य पृथ्वी की निचली कक्षा में मानव अंतरिक्ष यान मिशन शुरू करने की स्वदेशी क्षमता का प्रदर्शन करना है।

गगनयान कार्यक्रम के तहत तीन उड़ानें पृथ्वी की निचली कक्षा में भेजी जाएंगी। इनमें दो मानव रहित उड़ानें और एक मानव अंतरिक्ष उड़ान शामिल हैं।

आगामी मिशन राष्ट्र की तकनीकी क्षमताओं को बढ़ाएंगे और वैज्ञानिक अनुसंधान और विकास में महत्वपूर्ण योगदान देंगे।

इसरो मौसम विज्ञान, संचार, टेली-एजुकेशन और टेलीमेडिसिन जैसे विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में मानव जाति की बेहतरी के लिए एक विनम्र प्रयास कर रहा है।

वृत्तचित्र के अंत में, कथाकार ने कहा: “इस प्रकार, इसरो समाज के उत्थान के लिए डॉ विक्रम साराभाई के सपनों का अनुवाद करने में सफल रहा है।

 

 

Gyanjyotidarpan.com पर पढ़े ताज़ा व्यापार समाचार (Business News), लेटेस्ट हिंदी समाचार (Hindi News), बॉलीवुड, खेल, क्रिकेट, राजनीति, धर्म और शिक्षा से जुड़ी हर ख़बर। समय पर अपडेट और हिंदी ब्रेकिंग न्यूज़ के लिए समाचार अनुभव को बेहतर बनाएं। सबसे विश्वसनीय हिंदी न्यूज़ वेबसाइट ज्ञान ज्योति दर्पण पर पढ़ें।
हमारे व्हाट्सएप ग्रुप से जुड़े Gyan Jyoti Darpan

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